History Majapahit

Majapahit was an ancient kingdom in Indonesia which once stood from about 1293 to 1500 AD This kingdom reached its peak during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, who reigned from 1350 to 1389.
Kingdom of Majapahit was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that controlled the Malay Peninsula and is regarded as one of the greatest country in history Indonesia.Kekuasaannya lies in Java, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula, Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago, Manila (Saludung), to eastern Indonesia, although the region power is still being debated.
HistoriographyThere is little physical evidence remains of Majapahit, and the history is unclear. The main sources used by historians are Pararaton ('The Book of Kings') in Kawi language and Nagarakretagama in Old Javanese. Pararaton mainly told Ken Arok (founder of the Kingdom Singhasari) but also contains some short sections on the formation of Majapahit. Meanwhile, Nagarakertagama a poem written in Old Javanese Majapahit golden age under the rule of Hayam Wuruk. After that, the thing that happens is not clear. In addition, there are several inscriptions in Old Javanese and historical records from China and other nations.The accuracy of all the Javanese manuscripts are disputed. There is no denying that the resources they contain elements and non-historical myth. Some scholars like C.C. Berg considers all of the text rather than past records, but has a supernatural meaning in terms of the future can tell. Nevertheless, many scholars who argue that the outline of these sources can be accepted as consistent with historical records of China, especially the list of rulers and the state of the kingdom that looks pretty certain.
History The establishment of the Majapahit


After Singhasari drove Srivijaya from Java as a whole in 1290, Singhasari become the most powerful empire in the region. This is a concern Kublai Khan, ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He sent a messenger named Meng Chi [9] to Singhasari demanding tribute. Kertanagara, the last ruler of the kingdom Singhasari refused to pay tribute and to embarrass the messenger by destroying his face and cut off his ear.Kublai Khan was angry and then dispatched a large expedition to Java in 1293.At that time, Jayakatwang, duke of Kadiri, was killed Kertanagara. On the advice of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang give amnesty to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara-law, who came to surrender. Raden Wijaya then given Pull forest. He opened the forest and build a new village. The village was named Majapahit, whose name is taken from maja fruit, and a sense of "bitterness" of the fruit. When the Mongols arrived, Wijaya allied with the Mongols to fight Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya Mongolnya allies turned on them, forcing them pull back its troops home as chaotic as they are in foreign territory. [11] [12] It was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds to be able to go home, or they should be forced to wait six months on a foreign island.The exact date of which is used as date of birth of the Majapahit kingdom is the day of the coronation as king Raden Wijaya, namely on November 10, 1293. He was crowned with the official name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The kingdom is in trouble. Some people trusted Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, although the rebellion was not successful. Slamet Muljana suspect that mahapatih Halayudha who did the conspiracy to overthrow all the people trusted the king, so he can reach the highest positions in government. But after the death of the last rebel (Kuti), Halayudha arrested and jailed, and then sentenced to death. [12] Wijaya died in 1309.Son and successor Wijaya, Jayanegara, is the master of evil and immoral. He was named Kala Gemet, which means "weak villain". In 1328, Jayanegara killed by his doctors, Tanca. Gayatri Rajapatni stepmother is supposed to replace it, but Rajapatni chose to resign from the palace and become a priestess. Rajapatni pointed Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi daughter to become queen of Majapahit. During power Tribhuwana, Majapahit kingdom evolved into larger and more famous in the area. Tribhuwana master Majapahit until her death in 1350. He continued by his son, Hayam Wuruk.

Glory of Majapahit

Hayam Wuruk, also called Rajasanagara, Majapahit ruled from 1350 until 1389. In his time Majapahit reached its peak with the help mahapatihnya, Gajah Mada. Under the command of Gajah Mada (1313-1364), Majapahit controlled more territory. In 1377, several years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit launched a naval attack to Palembang, [2] led to the collapse of the royal remains of Srivijaya.According Kakawin Nagarakretagama Canto XIII-XV, Majapahit territory includes Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, Papua, and some islands of the Philippines [13]. However, natural and economic constraints indicate that the areas of power does not seem to be under centralized control of Majapahit, but connected to one another by trade who may be a monopoly by the king [14]. Majapahit also has a relationship with Campa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even send an ambassador-envoys to ChinaThe fall of MajapahitAfter reaching its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power gradually weakened. It seems that civil war (War Paregreg) on ​​the years 1405-1406, between Wirabhumi against Wikramawardhana. Similarly, there has been a quarrel about the turn of the king in 1450's, and the great rebellion waged by a nobleman in 1468 [7].In Javanese tradition there is a chronograms or candrasengkala which reads ilang kretaning earth vanished. This supposedly is the year sengkala end of Majapahit and should be read as 0041, the year 1400 Saka or 1478 AD. Sengkala meaning is "gone gone prosperity of the earth". However, the truth is illustrated by the death of BRE candrasengkala Kertabumi, the 11th king of Majapahit, by Girindrawardhana.When Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and missionaries had begun to enter the archipelago. At the end of the 14th century and early 15th-century, the influence of Majapahit in the archipelago began to decrease. At the same time, a new commercial empire based on Islam, the Sultanate of Malacca, began appearing in the western part of the archipelago.Historical records of Chinese, Portuguese (Tome Pires) and Italy (Pigafetta) indicates that there has been a transfer of power from the hands of the Hindu Majapahit into the hands of the Duke of Unus, the ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between the years 1518 and 1521 M.
Majapahit kingsHere is a list of rulers of Majapahit. Note that there is a gap period between the reign Rajasawardhana (ruler of the 8th) and Girishawardhana possible succession crisis caused by the Majapahit royal family broke into two groups.
1. Raden Wijaya, holds Kertarajasa Jayawardhana (1293 - 1309)
2. Kalagamet, titled Sri Jayanagara (1309 - 1328)
3. Sri Gitarja, holds Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328 - 1350)
4. Hayam Wuruk, titled Sri Rajasanagara (1350 - 1389)
5. Wikramawardhana (1389 - 1429)
6. Suhita (1429 - 1447)
7. Kertawijaya, holds a UB I (1447 - 1451)
8. Rajasawardhana, holds a UB II (1451 - 1453)
9. Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana, titled UB III (1456 - 1466)
10. Bhre Pandansalas, or Suraprabhawa, UB title IV (1466 - 1468)
11. Bhre Kertabumi, titled UB V (1468 - 1478)
12. Girindrawardhana, UB title VI (1478 - 1498)
13. Hudhara, UB title VII (1498-1518) [24]